$FreeBSDMall: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/wireless/article.sgml,v
1.13 2005/09/27 03:57:58 murray Exp $
Wireless networks are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. A basic wireless network consists of multiple stations communicating with radios that broadcast in either the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band (though this varies according to the locale and is also changing to enable communication in the 2.3Ghz and 4.9Ghz ranges).
802.11 networks are organized in two ways: in a BSS one station acts as a master with all the other stations associating to it; this is termed infrastructure mode and the master station is termed an access point (AP). In BSS mode all communication passes through the AP; even when one station wants to communicate with another wireless station messages must go through the AP. In the second form of network there is no master and stations communicate directly. This form of network is termed an IBSS and is commonly know as an adhoc network.
802.11 networks were first created in the 2.4GHz band using protocols defined by the IEEE 802.11b standard. These specifications include the operating frequencies, MAC layer characteristics including framing and transmission rates (communication can be done at various rates). Later the 802.11a standard defined operation in the 5GHz band, including different signalling mechanisms and higher transmission rates. Still later the 802.11g standard was defined to enable use of 802.11a signalling and transmission mechanisms in the 2.4GHz band in such a way as to be backwards compatible with 802.11b networks.
Separate from the underlying transmission techniques 802.11 networks have a variety of security mechanisms. The original 802.11 specifications defined a simple security protocol called WEP. This protocol uses a fixed pre-shared key and the RC4 cryptographic cipher to encode data transmitted on a network. Stations must all agree on the identity of the fixed key in order to communmicate. This scheme was shown to be easily broken and is now rarely used except to discourage transient users from joining networks. Current security practice is given by the IEEE 802.11i specification which defines new cryptographic ciphers and an additional protocol to authenticate stations to an access point and exchange keys for doing data communication. Further, cryptographic keys are periodically refreshed and there are mechanisms for detecting intrusion attempts (and for countering intrusion attempts). Another security protocol specification commonly used in wireless networks is termed WPA. This was a precursor to 802.11i defined by an industry group as an interim measure while waiting for 802.11i to be ratified. WPA specifies a subset of the requirements found in 802.11i and is designed for implementation on legacy hardware. Specifically WPA defines the TKIP protocol that is derived from the original WEP protocol. 802.11i permits use of TKIP but most stations will instead use the AES cipher for encrypting data; a cipher that is too computationally costly to be implemented on legacy hardware.
Other than the above protocol standards the other important standard to be aware of is 802.11e. This defines protocols for deploying multi-media applications such as streaming video and voice over IP (VoIP) in an 802.11 network. Like 802.11i, 802.11e also has a precursor specification termed WME (and now WMM) that has been defined by an industry group as a subset of 802.11e that can be implemented now to enable multi-media applications while waiting for the final ratification of 802.11e. The most important thing to understand about 802.11e and WME/WMM is that it enables prioritized traffic use of a wireless network through Quality of Service (QoS) protocols and enhanced media access protocols. Proper implementation of these protocols enable high speed bursting of data and prioritized traffic flow.
FreeBSD 6.0 supports networks that operate using 802.11a, 80.211b, and 802.11g. The WPA and 802.11i security protocols are likewise supported (in conjunction with any of 11a, 11b, and 11g) and QoS and traffic prioritization required by the WME/WMM protocols are supported for a limited set of wireless devices.
To use wireless networking you need a wireless networking card and to configure the kernel with the appropriate wireless networking support. The latter is separated into multiple modules so that you need only configure the software you are actually going to use.
The first thing you need is a wireless device. The most commonly used devices are those that use parts made by Atheros. These devices are supported by the ath driver and require the following modules:
device ath # Atheros IEEE 802.11 wireless network driver device ath_hal # Atheros Hardware Access Layer device ath_rate_sample # John Bicket's SampleRate control algorithm.
The Atheros driver is split up into three separate pieces: the driver proper (ath), the hardware support layer that handles chip-specific functions (ath_hal), and an algorithm for selecting which of several possible rates for transmitting frames (ath_rate_sample here). If instead of an Atheros device you had another device you would select the module for that device; e.g.
device wi
for devices based on the Intersil Prism parts.
With a device driver configured you need to also bring in the 802.11 networking support required by the driver. For the ath driver this is at least the wlan module:
device wlan # 802.11 support (Required)
Past this you will need the modules that implement cryptographic suport for the security protocols you intend to use. These are intended to be dynanmically loaded on demand by the wlan module but for now they must be statically configured. The following modules are available:
device wlan_wep # WEP crypto support for 802.11 devices device wlan_ccmp # AES-CCMP crypto support for 802.11 devices device wlan_tkip # TKIP and Michael crypto support for 802.11 devices
wlan_ccmp and wlan_tkip are only needed if you intend to use the WPA and/or 802.11i security protocols. If your network is to run totally open (i.e. with no encryption) then you don't even need the wlan_wep support.
Aside from the above modules there are two other modules that are needed only if you intend to operate an access point (AP) and plan to enable WPA/802.11i/802.1x. The wlan_xauth module is used to construct an authenticator based on the hostapd program; it delegates authentication requests for stations associating to an access point to an external agent (hostapd in this case). The wlan_acl module implements an access control mechanism whereby an AP can restrict the stations that associate based on their MAC address. Like WEP this is provided to discourage casual users from joining a network; in practice it provides little true security to a wireless network. In summary you might add one or both of the following to your configuration if you plan to build an access point:
device wlan_xauth # External authenticator support for 802.11 devices device wlan_acl # MAC-based ACL support for 802.11 devices
With this information in the kernel configuration file, recompile the kernel and reboot your FreeBSD box (or load the modules using kldload in which case there is no need to reboot).
# vi /boot/loader.conf
wlan_wep_load="YES" wlan_tkip_load="YES" wlan_ccmp_load="YES" wlan_xauth_load="YES" wlan_acl_load="YES"
Note: You may the choose the crypto services support you need: either to compile them in the kernel or to load the .ko modules. Please note that you need to configure those modules manually as the kernel is not yet able to dynamically load them on-demand.
When the system is up, we could find some information about the device in the boot message, like this:
ath0: <Atheros 5212> mem 0xff9f0000-0xff9fffff irq 17 at device 2.0 on pci2 ath0: Ethernet address: 00:11:95:d5:43:62 ath0: mac 7.9 phy 4.5 radio 5.6
To scan for neighboring stations, use the ifconfig command. Only the super-user can initiate such a scan:
# ifconfig ath0 up scan dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 6 54M 29:0 100 EPS WPA WME freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 22:0 100 EPS WPA
Depending on the capabilities of the APs, the following flags can be included in the output:
Extended Service Set (ESS). Indicates that the station is part of an infrastructure network (in contrast to an IBSS/ad-hoc network).
IBSS/ad-hoc network. Indicates that the station is part of an ad-hoc network (in contrast to an ESS network).
Privacy. Data confidentiality is required for all data frames exchanged within the BSS. This means that this BSS requires the station to use cryptographic means such as WEP, TKIP or AES-CCMP to encrypt/decrypt data frames being exchanged with others.
Short Preamble. Indicates that the network is using short preambles (defined in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY, short pre- amble utilizes a 56 bit sync field in contrast to a 128 bit field used in long preamble mode).
Short slot time. Indicates that the network is using a short slot time.
list scan: Display the access points and/or ad-hoc neighbors located in the vicinity. This information may be updated automatically by the adaptor and/or with a ``scan'' request. ``list ap'' is another
This section provides a simple example of how to make the wireless network adapter work in FreeBSD without encryption. After you are familiar with these concepts, we strongly recommand using WPA to setup your wireless network.
simply edit /etc/rc.conf and add:
ifconfig_ath0="DHCP"
If there are multiple access points, you must set an ssid to locate one by name.
ifconfig_ath0="ssid your_ssid_here DHCP"
Bring up the interface after the system is up:
# /etc/rc.d/netif start
try to set an IP address, if there's more than one wireless network, we need to specify the ssid
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid your_ssid_here
Now, run ifconfig again to see the status of the interface ath0
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps)
status: associated
ssid dlinkap channel 6 bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76
authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is basically TKIP + 802.1X. TKIP (Temporary Key Integrity Protocol) the part of 802.11i standard which is designed to fix the weakness of WEP and it can be used with the old 802.11 standard.
RSN (WPA2) uses CCMP (Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol) instead of TKIP.
A pre-shared key (PSK) will be generated from a given password and will be used as the master key in the wireless network.
Warning: Always use strong passwords that are sufficiently long and made from a rich alphabet so they won't be guessed and/or attacked.
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
ssid="freebsdap"
psk="freebsdmall"
}
# vi /etc/rc.conf ... ... ... ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" ... ... ...
Then, let's bring up the interface:
# /etc/rc.d/netif start
Starting wpa_supplicant.
DHCPDISCOVER on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 5
DHCPDISCOVER on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 6
DHCPOFFER from 192.168.0.1
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1
bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
Or you can try to configure it manually:
Using the same /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf above, and run:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz) Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=TKIP GTK=TKIP]
And run the dhclient command:
# dhclient ath0
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1
bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/48Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
Note: If the /etc/rc.conf is setup with:
ifconfig_ath0="DHCP"then it's no need to run the dhclient command manually, dhclient will be launched after wpa_supplicant plumbs the keys.
And also, you can set an static IP address:
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
# route add default your_default_routeer
# echo "nameserver your_DNS_server" >> /etc/resolv.conf
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
ssid="freebsdap"
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
eap=TLS
identity="loader"
ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem"
client_cert="/etc/certs/clientcert.pem"
private_key="/etc/certs/clientkey.pem"
private_key_passwd="freebsdmallclient"
}
# vi /etc/rc.conf ... ... ... ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" ... ... ...
# /etc/rc.d/netif start
Starting wpa_supplicant.
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20
bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
We also can bring up the interface manually:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz) Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=TKIP]
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
ssid="freebsdap"
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
eap=TTLS
identity="test"
password="test"
ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem"
phase2="auth=MD5"
}
# vi /etc/rc.conf ... ... ... ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" ... ... ...
# /etc/rc.d/netif start
Starting wpa_supplicant.
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20
bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
We also can bring up the interface manually:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz) Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=TKIP]
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
ssid="freebsdap"
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
eap=PEAP
identity="test"
password="test"
ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem"
phase1="peaplabel=0"
phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"
}
# vi /etc/rc.conf ... ... ... ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" ... ... ...
# /etc/rc.d/netif start
Starting wpa_supplicant.
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPREQUEST on ath0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20
bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
We also can bring up the interface manually:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz) Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac EAP-MSCHAPV2: Authentication succeeded EAP-TLV: TLV Result - Success - EAP-TLV/Phase2 Completed WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=TKIP]
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is part of the original 802.11 standard. There is no authentication mechanism, only a weak form of access control, and it's easily to be cracked.
First, please make sure “device wlan_wep” is compiled in the kernel or module “wlan_wep.ko” is loaded
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid dlinkap \
wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012
# ifconfig
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps)
status: associated
ssid dlinkap channel 6 bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76
authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS bintval 100
The “weptxkey” means which WEP key will be used in the transmission. Here we used the third key.
The “wepkey” means setting the selected WEP key. It should in the index:key format, If the index is not give, key 1 is set. That is to say we need to set the index if we use other keys rather than the first key.
And wpa_supplicant also can be used to locate and configure access points which configured with WEP.
Set it working like the example above:
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
ssid="dlinkap"
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key2=3456789012
wep_tx_keyidx=2
}
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf Trying to associate with 00:13:46:49:41:76 (SSID='dlinkap' freq=2437 MHz) Associated with 00:13:46:49:41:76
FreeBSD also can function as an Access Point, and now it supports WPA with the hostapd.
The host side:
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.120 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mode 11g mediaopt hostap
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.120 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <hostap>
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperiod 1
bintval 100
The client side:
# ifconfig ath0 up scan SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 19:0 100 ES dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 6 54M 30:0 100 EPS WPA WME
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap
# ifconfig -v ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100
The host side:
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.120 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap \
wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012 mode 11g mediaopt hostap
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.120 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <hostap>
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS dtimperiod 1 bintval 100
The client side:
# ifconfig ath0 up scan SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 20:0 100 EPS dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 6 54M 30:0 100 EPS WPA WME
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap \
wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 1:0x3456789012
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpowmax 36
protmode CTS roaming DEVICE bintval 100
The host side:
# vi /etc/hostapd.conf interface=ath0 driver=bsd logger_syslog=-1 logger_syslog_level=0 logger_stdout=-1 logger_stdout_level=0 debug=4 dump_file=/tmp/hostapd.dump ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd ctrl_interface_group=wheel ssid=freebsdap wpa=1 wpa_passphrase=freebsdmall wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK wpa_pairwise=TKIP
And run:
# /usr/sbin/hostapd /etc/hostapd.conf
# ifconfig ath0 mediaopt hostap
The client side:
# ifconfig ath0 up scan dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 6 54M 29:0 100 EPS WPA WME freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 22:0 100 EPS WPA
# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant
network={
ssid="freebsdap"
psk="freebsdmall"
}
And run:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.130 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig -v ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.1.130 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit TKIP 3:128-bit
txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100
------ Should I add a section about generating the SSL keys/certificates? -----
# vi /etc/hostapd.conf interface=ath0 driver=bsd logger_syslog=-1 logger_syslog_level=0 logger_stdout=-1 logger_stdout_level=0 debug=4 dump_file=/tmp/hostapd.dump ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd ctrl_interface_group=wheel ssid=freebsdap ieee8021x=1 own_ip_addr=127.0.0.1 auth_server_addr=127.0.0.1 auth_server_port=1812 auth_server_shared_secret=freebsdmallradius wpa=2 wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-EAP wpa_pairwise=CCMP TKIP
I installed net/freeradius and it's running on the same host.
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/clients.conf
client 127.0.0.1 {
secret= freebsdmallradius
shortname= localhost
}
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/users "loader" Auth-Type := EAP
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/eap.conf
eap {
default_eap_type = tls
timer_expire = 60
ignore_unknown_eap_types = no
cisco_accounting_username_bug = no
md5 {
}
leap {
}
gtc {
auth_type = PAP
}
tls {
private_key_password = freebsdmallserver
private_key_file = /home/loader/radius/serverkey.pem
certificate_file = /home/loader/radius/servercert.pem
CA_file = /home/loader/radius/CA_nlab/cacert.pem
dh_file = ${raddbdir}/certs/dh
random_file = /dev/urandom
fragment_size = 1024
}
mschapv2 {
}
}
# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/radiusd.sh start
# hostapd /etc/hostapd-eap-tls.conf
# ifconfig ath0 mediaopt hostap
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 2290
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect <:hostap> (autoselect <hostap>)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2 TKIP 2:128-bit
TKIP 3:128-bit txpowmax 0 protmode CTS dtimperiod 1 bintval 100
On the client side:
# wpa_supplicant -d -K -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
Using the same /etc/hostapd.conf in the EPA-TLS section.
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/eap.conf
eap {
default_eap_type = ttls
timer_expire = 60
ignore_unknown_eap_types = no
cisco_accounting_username_bug = no
md5 {
}
leap {
}
gtc {
auth_type = PAP
}
tls {
private_key_password = freebsdmallserver
private_key_file = /home/loader/radius/serverkey.pem
certificate_file = /home/loader/radius/servercert.pem
CA_file = /home/loader/radius/CA_nlab/cacert.pem
dh_file = ${raddbdir}/certs/dh
random_file = /dev/urandom
fragment_size = 1024
}
ttls {
default_eap_type = md5
}
mschapv2 {
}
}
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/users "test" User-Password == "test"
# hostapd /etc/hostapd.conf
The client side:
# wpa_supplicant -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
The host side:
Using the same /etc/hostapd.conf in the EPA-TLS section.
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/eap.conf
eap {
default_eap_type = peap
timer_expire = 60
ignore_unknown_eap_types = no
cisco_accounting_username_bug = no
md5 {
}
leap {
}
gtc {
auth_type = PAP
}
tls {
private_key_password = freebsdmallserver
private_key_file = /home/loader/radius/serverkey.pem
certificate_file = /home/loader/radius/servercert.pem
CA_file = /home/loader/radius/CA_nlab/cacert.pem
dh_file = ${raddbdir}/certs/dh
random_file = /dev/urandom
fragment_size = 1024
}
peap {
default_eap_type = mschapv2
}
mschapv2 {
}
}
/usr/local/etc/raddb/users:
# vi /usr/local/etc/raddb/users "test" User-Password == "test"
# hostapd /etc/hostapd.conf
The client side:
# wpa_supplicant -d -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
On the box A:
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mediaopt adhoc
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect <adhoc> (autoselect <adhoc>)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100
On the box B:
# ifconfig ath0 up scan SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 6 54M 30:0 100 EPS WME freebsdap 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac 2 54M 19:0 100 IS
# ifconfig ath0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mediaopt adhoc
# ifconfig ath0
ath0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1
inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62
media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect <adhoc> (autoselect <adhoc>)
status: associated
ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac
authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100
If you are having trouble with wireless networking, there are a number of steps you can take to help troubleshoot the problem.
First, try running wpa_supplicant and/or hostapd with the “-dd” option.
You can also try running the 80211debug and 80211stats tools in /usr/src/tools/tools/ath. For example:
# ./80211debug +state +auth +debug +assoc +xrate +power +scan +wme net.wlan.0.debug: 0xc80000 => 0x44ec0400<debug,xrate,assoc,auth,scan,state,power,wme>
If the above information does not help clarify the problem, please submit a problem report and include output from the above tools.
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.
For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.